[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":331},["ShallowReactive",2],{"$fgcZ-mDJ25tV_z-C4V97RICR463-4uE3wtliotprHx9A":3,"$fyaxceyRiGz25M9Ftrjyk8f20101obLPsx2kTQPDb2iY":24,"$fgZDENhEl4rPwKUJJf86nzuAS1o-LbUVRbl6TtVyx-i0":139},{"success":4,"errorCode":5,"message":5,"data":6},true,null,{"title":7,"titleImage":8,"content":9,"updateTime":10,"categoryId":11,"categoryName":12,"readNum":13,"tags":14,"preArticle":18,"nextArticle":21},"1997-8《侗族建筑》特种邮票","https://img.alicdn.com/imgextra/i4/195736719/O1CN01nw0Yv61zVM1MubMcR_!!195736719.jpg","\u003Cp>（4-1）T   增冲鼓楼    50分   3151.75万枚\u003Cbr />\n（4-2）T   百二鼓楼    50分   3151.75万枚\u003Cbr />\n（4-3）T   跨河风雨桥  150分  2551.75万枚\u003Cbr />\n（4-4）T   田间风雨桥  150分  2551.75万枚\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>国家邮政局1997年6月2日发行《侗族建筑》特种邮票1套4枚。\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>志号名称：1997-8T\u003Cbr />\n版别：胶印\u003Cbr />\n整版枚数：20枚\u003Cbr />\n邮票规格：30×40\u003Cbr />\n齿孔度数：12度\u003Cbr />\n设计者：李印清\u003Cbr />\n印制机构：辽宁省沈阳邮电\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>  1997年6月2日，为宣传和弘扬我国少数民族建筑文化，邮电部发行了《侗族建筑》特种邮票，全套4枚。\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>  (4-1)为“增冲鼓楼”。画面采用旭日东升时的暖色调，在涌动着的光环中表现增冲鼓楼巍峨高耸与神秘感。增冲鼓楼坐落在贵州省从江县城西北50公里处的增冲寨。清康熙十一年(1672年)修建。1978年和1982年曾两次维修。鼓楼占地94平方米，通高20余米，为密檐式，外形为13重檐八面坡攒尖顶，四周四根大木柱冲天而起，旁边配以多根小立柱，四周有木栏杆，设有长木凳，供歇息使用。往上的飞檐和斗拱，形如宝塔，最上层放置一面大皮鼓。上为双层楼冠葫芦宝顶，八角飞翘，刹柱冲天，姿态雄伟壮观。增冲鼓楼为木结构，是全国现存最古老的鼓楼。\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>  (4-2)为“百二鼓楼”。画面以正午时分的骄阳和蓝天上飞舞的白云来映衬鼓楼，使其更显得古朴自然，俏丽巍峨。百二鼓楼坐落于从江县城北40公里的洛香镇百二村，建于1927年。为密檐式，外形为四角九重檐四面坡攒尖顶，不设楼冠，它与增冲鼓楼代表了两种形式迥异的类型，其它多是这两种形式的组合变种。\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>  (4-3)为“跨河风雨桥”。画面采用横式构图及金黄色调，展现了跨河风雨桥的婀娜多姿和独特风貌。跨河风雨桥位于黎平县城南109公里的地坪上、下寨与甘龙之间，横跨南江河上。始建于清光绪八年(1882年)，1964年重建，1981年维修。为石墩悬臂梁，上覆桥廊，全长56米，桥廊宽3.85米。桥间置一石墩，左右桥头与石墩互架原木，逐层向外递伸，从而缩短跨度距离，再由二层各4根粗大挺直的杉原木穿榫成梁，桥面上正中及两端分别建有阁楼一座，楼廊相间，组合严谨，亦楼亦桥，造型奇特。\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>  (4-4)为“田间风雨桥”。画面采取细雨蒙蒙的意境，并有几位小憩的姑娘，以表现侗家的田园生活，充满诗情画意，更显田间风雨桥的秀美、实用。田间风雨桥位于黎平县距县城25公里处的高近乡。建于清乾隆三十年(1765年)，清道光二十六年(1846年)重建。该桥置身于田间小溪之上，用长圆木一排简支架设，桥墩用块石砌筑，迎水面作分水，岸墩亦用石砌，其上放置托梁，末端嵌压巨石。为增重量，桥顶中间及两端均建有亭楼，使造型更为完美，结构玲珑精巧。\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>  侗族是我国少数民族之一，是一个古老的民族，其祖先是居住在江浙一带的古越人，自称为“甘”，世代居住在贵州省东南部的黎平、从江、榕江、天柱、锦屏、三穗、镇远、剑河、玉屏等县市，也有少数居住在湖南、广西等省区。使用侗语。以农业生产为主，有优良的建筑艺术传统。其建筑精巧别致，形式多样，善造鼓楼和花桥(风雨桥)，据调查，现尚存鼓楼有300多座，花桥为数更多。那如塔如阁的鼓楼和具楼具廊的花桥，正是侗族古老文明的象征，是侗\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>  族人民智慧的结晶，也是中华民族文化及古建筑遗产中的又一瑰宝。\u003Cbr />\n  侗族聚集的地区山峦叠嶂，溪流纵横，湿热多雨，森林茂密，地势险要而偏僻，交通不便而闭塞，侗寨本身就因山势而建，因水临溪而筑，以便于居民日常之生活。在密集的木楼民居群中，或寨中、或寨边，仍择地建造鼓楼。楼前辟鼓楼坪用以表演传统节目，或开鱼塘以备防火。最初仅是为适应侗家喜欢聚居一起的生活方式，建一个空间宽敞的房舍，解决可以集中的地方。为抵御外侮，便于瞭望敌情，鼓楼随之增高，鼓声也传得更远。鼓楼的基部多起于平地，下部架空，或作为寨门，或成过街楼。其基本类型有4种：厅堂式、楼阁式、门阙式、密檐式，尤以后者为佳，它集塔、阁、亭于一体，英姿壮观，乃侗乡典型标志。但无论何种形式，均由阁底、塔身、亭顶3段组成，平面为4、6、8边或其中几种组成的几何图形，外形呈多边锥柱体，腰厦檐层叠渐缩，顶盖多为攒尖式或歇山、悬山式，挑檐加大，檐下常以如意斗拱层层出挑。亭顶内立雷公柱，上端固定长铁杆，串以钵罐作宝顶，成糖葫芦状，更增鼓楼之挺拔。楼身一般不封墙，底部多开敞，少有封窗者。中柱间围一圈，木凳，内设火塘。层檐多但楼层少，层檐可多达17层，但内部仅为上下两层，上层作鼓亭，下层空荡宽敞。平时上层不许上人，故多无梯，仅有少数沿周边设盘转梯，必要时由青年攀援而上击鼓。构架结构为筒架，常以1根雷公柱(通天中柱)、4根中柱、12根檐柱组成，释为1年4季12个月，寓意“天长地久”。构架连接多为穿斗式或穿斗与杠杆组合式，构体一律用榫卯组合，竹钉木梢加固，不用一根铁钉。檐口多为直檐，少数加脊梁而使檐口起翘。封檐板上彩画内容多样，有取自于生活中的耕作、打猎、歌舞等；有受汉族文化影响的三国、西游、杨家将故事等；有图腾崇拜的宝龙珠；有佛家饰物的宝瓶、如意等；以及侗锦图纹。角翘泥塑有升龙、立虎、鹤凤等吉祥和辟邪的动物。整个建筑，远望如盘龙状，亭顶似龙首高昂，十分壮观。鼓楼建筑，是侗家团结一心，共同劳动的结果，中柱大材，需组织全寨男劳力上山采伐抬运下山，小材由各户捐献，有时外寨人也前来相助。建成之后，冬季天天有人轮流值班，以使火塘不灭；夏天鼓楼里为人解暑的冷水也保证供给。鼓楼，已成为侗家生活不可缺少的公用建筑物。\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>  对外，它是接待宾客的场所。对内，在这里组织庄严仪式，寨老宣布族规乡约，议事裁决民事纠纷，是个政治活动中心；战时击鼓报警喊寨聚众，发号施令，是个军事指挥中心；节日在鼓楼坪上举行祭祀活动，是个文化娱乐中心；因无侗文，平时年青人听长者摆古论今，传播文化知识，接受传统教育，姑娘们在此学习绣花，小伙子集此练吹芦笙，歌师教唱，老人聚谈，又是一个学习休息场所；外来工匠技师在此制作芦笙等工艺品，又可作为临时作坊。\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>  风雨桥则是在侗族地区常见的一种富有民族特色的长廊式桥梁。风雨桥又叫花桥，是侗族文化在建筑艺术上的体现，也是一种创造性的建筑。它集亭、塔、楼、阁各种建筑形式于二身，以建筑气势雄伟，工艺精湛而著称。其桥墩采用青石垒砌，桥梁、桥柱和桥面等部分则全部用杉木凿榫衔接，整座桥上不用一件铁器，但却坚固耐久。以前，桥上还设有神台祭坛，奉祀着文臣武将，让人们在过桥时，也能进行宗教活动，现在，桥上设置长凳，备上泉水、草鞋等物，以方便过往行人休息取用。桥上也是芦笙比赛，迎送宾客，招待亲朋故友以及年青人谈情说爱之所，是侗族人民热心公益事业和互助精神、友爱团结的象征。\u003C/p>\n","2025-10-31 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